Modelling And Analysis Of Stacked-Chip Scale Packages (S-Csps) Encapsulation Process Using Finite Difference Method [TK7874. K46 2007 f rb].

Pada hari ini, peranti-peranti mikroelektronik menjadi lebih padat, ringan dan mempunyai lebih fungsi, ini termasuklah pakej skala cip-bertingkat (S-CSP). Ia adalah satu teknologi yang memberi opsyen kepadatan pempakejan yang tinggi. Nowadays, microelectronic devices become more compact, lighter in weight and more functional, including Stacked-Chip Scale Package (S-CSP). It is a technology which has high density packaging options

Thermal Performance Of Multi Piezoelectric Fan For Electronic Cooling Application Using 3-D Dynamic Mesh

Piezoelectric fan (hereafter name as piezofan) can be manipulated to generate airflow for cooling microelectronic devices. Its outstanding features include noise-free operation, low power consumption and suitability for confined spaces. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the performance of an oscillating piezofan through the use of numerical modeling. The commercial CFD software Fluent 6.3.2TM was used to solve the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with the consideration of shear stress transport (SST) k- model. The harmonic motion of the first mode in the deforming beam (piezofan) was developed using C language, and was set under dynamic mesh option with the help of a user defined function (UDF)

Content and strength of conflict of interest policies at Scandinavian Medical Schools: a cross sectional study

BackgroundConcerns around staffs’ and students’ interactions with commercial entities, for example drug companies, have led several North American medical schools to implement conflict of interest (COI) policies. However, little is known about COI policies at European medical schools. We analysed the content and strength of COI policies at Scandinavian medical schools.MethodsWe searched the websites of medical schools in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden and emailed the Deans for additional information. Using comparable methodology to previous studies, the strength of the COI policies was rated on a scale from 0 to 2 across 11 items (higher score more restrictive); we also assessed the presence of oversight mechanisms and sanctions.ResultsWe identified 77 unique policies for 15 medical schools (range 2–8 per school). Most of the policies (n = 72; 94%) were University wide and only five (6%) were specific for the medical schools. For six of eleven items one or more schools had a restrictive policy (score of two). None of the schools had a restrictive policy for the five additional items (speaking relationships, sales representatives, on-site education activities, medical school curriculum, and drug samples). Honoraria was the item with the highest score, with eight of the 15 schools having a score of two. Thirteen of the 15 schools had policies that identified a party responsible for policy oversight and mentioned sanctions for non-compliance.ConclusionOur study provides the first evaluation of all Scandinavian medical schools’ COI policies. We found that the content of COI policies varies widely and still has shortcomings. We encourage Scandinavian medical schools to develop more stringent COI policies to regulate industry interactions with both faculty and students

Effect of wing deformation on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings: fluid-structure interaction approach

Wing stiffness is very crucial in augmenting aerodynamic forces in flapping wing flyers. In this work, the effect of wing deformation was studied using three-dimensional numerical analysis (two-way fluid structure interaction), coupling the flow solver (FLUENT) and the structural (ABAQUS) solver via the MpCCI platform. Three different degrees of bending stiffness corresponding to rigid, flexible, and highly flexible case wings were investigated. Moreover, the wings were tested for both low Reynolds number (R=9,000) and high Reynolds number (R=40,000), at a flapping frequency of 9 Hz corresponding to an angle of attack (AoA) ranging from α=0 to 50°. The results of mean aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients showed good agreement between numerical and experimental findings. Also, the time-averaged lift-to-drag ratio reveals that the highly flexible wing exhibited the best overall aerodynamic performance when compared to the rigid and flexible wing

Source rock geochemical assessment and estimation of TOC using well logs and geochemical data of Talhar Shale, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan

Assessment of organic carbon content (TOC) by geophysical logs has been a challenging task in the formation evaluation of shale gas. This research is conducted to estimate the unconventional hydrocarbon (shale-gas) potential of Talhar Shale in the Southern Indus Basin (SIB), Pakistan. In this study, total organic carbon content (%) was estimated through well logs by different methods and then correlated with well cuttings/core data to determine the best method for estimation of TOC content especially when well cuttings/core data are not available. The Talhar Shale’s thermal maturity, as well as the organic content, were assessed from geochemical analyses. Talhar Shale of Dangi-01 well has good to very good source potential whereas Chak7A-01 well has fair-good. According to Ven Krevalen cross-plot, Talhar Shale of Dangi-01 well has type III kerogen; it can only produce gas while Chak7A-01 has type II/III kerogen which produces both oil and gas. The TOC was estimated using two methods i.e., Schmoker’s and Hester’s and Multivariate Fitting methods. The estimated TOC is then correlated with well cuttings data and concluded that the Multivariate Fitting method is selected as an optimized method for estimation of TOC because it shows strong correlation values of 0.93 and 0.91 in both wells respectively for Talhar Shale SIB, Pakistan

Development and characterization of epoxy nanocomposites based on nano-structured oil palm ash.

The aim of this study is to utilize the bio-agricultural waste as filler material for composite production which are abundantly available and low cost compared to the silica, alumina etc. The lacks of sufficient scientific information about the utilization of the oil palm ash (OPA) on composites production were the driving force for the choice of this work. Furthermore, the effect of filler loading percentage on physical, mechanical, thermal and morphology properties of the epoxy nanocomposites were studied. It was concluded that the size of the OPA had been successfully reduced from macromolecular to the nano-size range by high energy ball milling and was confirmed by TEM analysis. The density of the nano-structured OPA filled epoxy composites revealed that increasing filler loading will eventually increase the density. The tensile and flexural strength attained maximum value when the filler loading was 3%. Also, increase in the thermal stability was observed in case of 3% filler loading and was attributed to the increase in cross-linking of the epoxy resin in the presence of nano-stuctured OPA and having minimum particle to particle interaction and well dispersed nanoparticles

Carveol a Naturally-Derived Potent and Emerging Nrf2 Activator Protects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl p-aminophenol or APAP) is used worldwide for its antipyretic and anti-inflammatory potential. However, APAP overdose sometimes causes severe liver damage. In this study, we elucidated the protective effects of carveol in liver injury, using molecular and in silico approaches. Male BALB/c mice were divided into two experimental cohorts, to identify the best dose and to further assess the role of carveol in the nuclear factor E2-related factor; nuclear factor erythroid 2; p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. The results demonstrated that carveol significantly modulated the detrimental effects of APAP by boosting endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, such as nuclear translocation of Nrf2 gene, a master regulator of the downstream antioxidant machinery. Furthermore, an inhibitor of Nrf2, called all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), was used, which exaggerated APAP toxicity, in addition to abrogating the protective effects of carveol; this effect was accompanied by overexpression of inflammatory mediators and liver = 2ltoxicity biomarkers. To further support our notion, we performed virtual docking of carveol with Nrf2-keap1 target, and the resultant drug-protein interactions validated the in vivo findings. Together, our findings suggest that carveol could activate the endogenous master antioxidant Nrf2, which further regulates the expression of downstream antioxidants, eventually ameliorating the APAP-induced inflammation and oxidative stress

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum